BJMB

Brazilian Journal of Motor Behavior

Research Article

Meira Jr. et al.

2019

VOL.13

N.4

https://doi.org/10.20338/bjmb.v13i4.140

124 of 132

Personality traits and gross motor performance in children from Muzambinho/MG

CÁSSIO M. MEIRA JR.

| ANA C. GOMES

| FÁBIO R. F. GOMES

| SUZIANE P. SANTOS

| LUCIANO BASSO

| GO

TANI

Correspondence to: Cassio M. Meira Jr., EACH-USP, Av. Arlindo Bettio 1000, São Paulo/SP, 03828-000.

email: cmj@usp.br

https://doi.org/10.20338/bjmb.v13i4.140

HIGHLIGHTS

• There are no significant associations between

scores of personality traits and gross motor

performance in children from Muzambinho/MG.

• Two thirds of the sample (n=190) showed

poor or very poor levels of gross motor

development.

• The motor quotient (locomotion and object

control) of the sample was below Percentile

according to TGMD-2 normative scores.

• The sample exhibited low levels of

Psychoticism, average levels of Neuroticism,

and high levels of Extraversion/Introversion

and Sociability.

ABBREVIATIONS

ETPC Escala dos Traços de

Personalidade para Crianças

IBGE Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e

Estatística

PTSC Personality Trait Scale for Children

TGMD-2 Test of Gross Motor Development

PUBLICATION DATA

Received 08 07 2019

Accepted 23 08 2019

Published 01 10 2019

BACKGROUND: Stable personality features might differentiate children while performing gross motor skills.

AIM: (1) to report the scores of four personality traits (Extraversion/Introversion, Neuroticism, Psychoticism, and

Sociability) and gross motor performance, (2) to describe the frequency of children in each level of gross motor

development, (3) to investigate relationships between personality trait scores and gross motor performance

scores.

METHOD: 190 scholars (6-12 years old) voluntarily answered the Personality Trait Scale for Children (PTSC) and

took part in the Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD-2, Ulrich, 2000), performing six locomotor and six

object control skill tests.

RESULTS: (1) Low levels of Psychoticism, average levels of Neuroticism, and high levels of

Extraversion/Introversion and Sociability were identified. (2) The motor quotient (composed of the subscales

locomotion and object control) of the sample was positioned below Percentile 50 and two-thirds of the children

were located in the poor/very poor level of gross motor development. (3) Correlations were extremely low

between personality traits and motor variables, which prevents any prediction.

CONCLUSION: Personality traits are not associated with gross motor performance in children from

Muzambinho/MG. The low level of gross motor development should be considered in public policies and

physical activity interventions for children with similar characteristics to our sample.

INTRODUCTION

Motor development is characterized by constant shifts in patterns of movement

that allow physical and motor progress, both from a quantitative (greater number of

movements) and qualitative (greater complexity of movements) perspective

. The

emergence and maturation of movements occur through reorganization processes of basic

movements (running, jumping, throwing) into increasingly complex ones so that the child

acquires a wide range of combined movements for future application in specific

situations

2,3

. The TGMD-2 focus is on gross motor skills regarding object control and

locomotion oriented to a goal and involving large, force-producing muscles of the trunk,

arms, and legs

. One of the main tests to investigate gross motor performance in children

is the TGMD-2

, a well-constructed and standardized test including locomotor and object

control skills. The TGMD-2 was designed to evaluate motor performance associated with

University of São Paulo. São Paulo, Brazil, School of Arts, Sciences, and Humanities, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.

Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro. Department of Sport Sciences, Uberaba, MG, Brazil.

University of São Paulo. São Paulo, Brazil, School of Physical Education and Sport, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.

BJMB! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Research Article!

Brazilian(Journal(of(Motor(Behavior!

Meira Jr. et al.

2019

VOL.13

N.4

https://doi.org/10.20338/bjmb.v13i4.140

125 of 132

changes in motor development, and is a means of screening the level of motor

performance in childhood to prevent lifelong problems with motor skills and self-concept

There is evidence that supports the association of self-concept with personality traits

5,6

Personality has been shown to be the main field of investigation of individual

differences in the motor domain

. Due to their relatively stable and long-lasting

characteristics, personality traits are predispositions that describe personality profiles of an

individual across time and contexts. Eysenck's personality model

advocates that

personality is formed by traits, which have mostly been attributed to genetic inheritance

7,8

The effects of these personality predispositions on behavioral patterns have been reported

in motor performance as a potential tool for individualizing instruction as well as for

selecting people who are more prone to perform specific functions or tasks

8,9,10,11

. There

are questionnaires to measure personality traits, which show positive and significant

correlations with direct (cortical activation level) and indirect (electrical conductance of the

skin) psychological and physiological measurements of personality

. Personality

questionnaires enable researchers to classify an individual, for example, in the trait of

extraversion/introversion, high scores describe a typical extravert, low scores a typical

introvert, and intermediate scores portray an ambivert.

Psychoticism refers to tough-mindedness, aggressiveness, and egocentrism with

high scores implying individualism, impulsivity, and loneliness. Neuroticism, in turn, is

associated with emotional instability such that high scores indicate that individuals tend to

have significant levels of anxiety, hostility, and vulnerability. Extraversion/introversion

entails characteristics of vivacity, creativity, and the search for sensations in such a way

that an introverted person (low scores) predisposes her/himself to being quiet and

reserved, while an extraverted person (high scores) tends to be sociable, seek stimuli, and

take risks. Sociability is related to the tendency to behave within social rules and

conveniences so that lower scores signify some independence from social norms (even

behaving antisocially), while high scores predispose the individual to behave within the

limits of desirable rules

8,10,12

. Differences in personality traits have been explained by

cortical levels. Extraverts are distinguished from introverts because of their different basal

levels of cortical activation. Introverts exhibit higher levels and, consequently, try to avoid

stimuli, whereas extraverts are known as stimuli-hunters due to their low cortical

activation

13,14

Studies have determined relationships between personality traits and motor

behavior in adults

9,10,13,14,15

and children

11,16,17,18

. However, the studies conducted with

children were limited by small samples and the scrutiny of only one personality trait of

interest

16,17,18

. In this vein, we believe that more thorough investigation is needed,

employing a large sample and focusing not only on one trait but on a set of personality

traits. Thus, our objectives were threefold: (1) to report the scores of (a) four personality

traits (Extroversion/Introversion, Neuroticism, Psychoticism, and Sociability) and (b) gross

motor performance (locomotion, object control, and motor quotient); (2) to describe the

frequency of children in each normative range of gross motor performance; (3) to

investigate relationships between personality trait scores and gross motor performance

scores. The hypothesis of objective 1 was that personality trait scores and motor

performance scores would be similar to other Brazilian samples. The hypothesis of

objective 2 was that the majority of children would fall into or above average normative

ranges (average and above average). Regarding the third objective we expected that there

would be (a) direct and high magnitude correlations between Extraversion/Introversion and

BJMB! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Research Article!

Brazilian(Journal(of(Motor(Behavior!

Meira Jr. et al.

2019

VOL.13

N.4

https://doi.org/10.20338/bjmb.v13i4.140

126 of 132

Sociability scores and gross motor coordination scores and (b) inverse and high magnitude

correlations between Neuroticism and Psychoticism scores and gross motor coordination

scores - as a result of these hypotheses, personality traits would predict gross motor

coordination.

METHODS

Participants

A total of 190 students from 6 to 12 years of age (average of 7.8 ± 1.2 years),

from five public schools in Muzambinho/MG participated in this study. The stratification by

age group was distributed as follows: 11 girls and 16 boys of 6 years of age, 32 girls and

25 boys of 7 years of age, 32 girls and 31 boys of 8 years of age, 15 girls and 15 boys of 9

years of age, three children of each sex in the 10-year age group, two girls and three boys

in the 11-year age group, and two 12-year-old boys. The research was approved by the

Research Ethics Committee under nº 13832. The children and their parents/guardians

formally consented to participate in the study by signing a consent form which assured

confidentiality and anonymity. The inclusion criterion was the child's desire to participate

and the exclusion criterion was the existence of any physical issue that prevented the child

from moving. This work is part of a longitudinal study - for details see Basso et al.

. The

parents completed the Brazilian Economic Classification Criteria questionnaire from the

Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) which showed that 90% of the sample

belonged to economic classifications C and D (where A1, A2, B1, and B2 are above and E

is below these classifications). We also scrutinized physical activity levels via a

questionnaire

and the responses indicated similar levels of mild (minimal effort),

moderate (not exhausting), and total (mild+moderate+strenuous in a week) physical

activity; the boys reported slightly higher levels of strenuous (heart beats rapidly) physical

activity than the girls; 7-year-old children of both sexes reported lower levels of strenuous

physical activity. The sample demonstrated average levels of total weekly physical activity

and, in general, younger boys and older girls self-declared lower values, indicating that

there is no significant change in total physical activity across ages for either sex.

Instruments, design and procedure

Individually and in a quiet room the children answered the Personality Trait Scale

for Children (PTSC) (in Portuguese: Escala dos Traços de Personalidade para Crianças –

ETPC), a valid instrument to measure personality traits in Brazilian children (12). When

necessary, the researchers helped the children to answer the questions, clarifying the

meaning of difficult words, generally by verbalizing synonyms. The PTSC evaluates traits

of Extraversion/Introversion (0-10), Neuroticism (0-7), Psychoticism (0-11), and Sociability

(0-6). The answers to the 30 questions are in the form of ‘yes’ or ‘no’. A sample of

questions is as follows: 1- Do you like to make a joke that bothers another person? 2-

Would you like to know that other children are afraid of you? 3- Are you joyful and fun? 4-

Do you sometimes feel sad without knowing why? 5- Do you sometimes like to make

animals feel mad?

Gross motor performance was evaluated by the Test of Gross Movement

Development (TGMD-2)

, consisting of six locomotor (run, gallop, hop, leap, horizontal

jump, and slide) and six object control (striking a stationary ball, stationary dribble, catch,

BJMB! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Research Article!

Brazilian(Journal(of(Motor(Behavior!

Meira Jr. et al.

2019

VOL.13

N.4

https://doi.org/10.20338/bjmb.v13i4.140

127 of 132

kick, overhand throw, and underhand roll) skills. Test protocol and performance criteria

were applied in accordance with the TGMD-2 examiner's manual. For each skill, one

researcher demonstrated each movement once before the child performed a familiarization

trial followed by two main trials. The trials were filmed and analyzed in slow motion using

Kinovea software. These two trials were considered for analyses: if the child performed a

skill component, the observer marked ‘1’ and if the child did not perform the component the

observer marked ‘0’. The observers agreed on at least 90% of all skills, representing

reasonable intraobserver and interobserver reliability

. The examiner completed this

procedure for each of the two trials and then worked out the total score. The scores of

each skill were added to the subtest scores (locomotion and object control) which, in turn,

were converted into a standard score that was finally combined and converted into the

Gross Motor Quotient. Calculation steps were performed in the following order: 1) the total

score of the two main trials of each skill for each movement class = gross score of

locomotion and object control subtests; 2) decoding of each gross score in percentiles

according to the norm for sex and age = percentile for each subtest; 3) total of the

percentiles; 4) decoding of the motor quotient scale. For methodological details of TGMD-2

analysis, see previous studies carried out in Muzambinho/MG

18,20

Data analysis

Data related to objectives 1 and 2 were analyzed by means of exploratory and

descriptive statistical techniques for each variable.

Data of the third objective were analyzed through associations between variables

in the form of interclass correlations, a statistical technique used to determine the

relationship between two or more interval or discrete variables.

For all analyses, significant levels were set at 5%. We used Microsoft Excel for

data registration, organization, and tabulation, and SPSS version 24 (IBM) for statistical

analyses.

RESULTS

Scores on personality traits

The mean value of Extraversion/Introversion was 6.95, with a standard deviation

of 1.49 (from 0 to 10); the majority, 124 children (65.3%), received scores above average

and 66 (34.7%) below average. Concerning Neuroticism, the mean was 3.85 and the

standard deviation 1.71, with a range from 0 to 7; there were 112 children (59.9%) above

and 78 (41.1%) below average. The children scored a mean of 2.80 in Psychoticism with a

standard deviation of 2.02 (range 0 to 9); 102 children (53.7%) were below and 88 (46.3%)

above average. Regarding Sociability, the mean was 3.72 and the standard deviation 1.73

(range 0 to 6); 108 children (56.8%) were above and 82 children (43.2%) below average

(Table 1).

Table 1 – Means ± standard deviations of personality traits

Extraversion/Introversion

(0-10)

Neuroticism

(0-7)

Psychoticism

(0-9)

Sociability

(0-6)

6.95±1.49

3.85±1.71

2.80±2.02

3.72±1.73

BJMB! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Research Article!

Brazilian(Journal(of(Motor(Behavior!

Meira Jr. et al.

2019

VOL.13

N.4

https://doi.org/10.20338/bjmb.v13i4.140

128 of 132

Motor performance scores

Raw scores on each subscale were converted to standard scores which ranged

from 1 to 20. For the locomotion subscale, the mean value was 5.27 and the standard

deviation 1.43. With respect to the object control subscale, the mean was 7.21 with a

standard deviation 2.29 (Table 2).

The mean value of the motor quotient (ranging from 46 to 120) was 77.42 with a

standard deviation of 8.66; 102 children (53.7%) were below, while 88 (46.3%) were above

average (Table 2).

Frequency of children in levels of gross motor development

According to the normative ranges proposed by the TGMD-2 test manual for the

level of gross motor development, 17 children (9%) were above average, 50 (26.3%) on

average, 70 (36.8%) below average with a poor level, and 53 (27.9%) below average with

a very poor level. The majority of children (64.7%) exhibited levels which were below

average, that is, poor or very poor, while less than 10% of participants scored above

average. This pattern points to a strong tendency towards low levels of gross motor

development (Table 3).

Associations between scores of personality traits and gross motor

performance

The exploratory analysis indicated an absence of extreme outlier values. The

Kolmogorov-Smirnov distribution normality test with significance correction of Lilliefors

indicated test values lower than 0.0001 in all the variables of interest:

Extraversion/Introversion (0.167), Neuroticism (0.160), Psychoticism (0.192), Sociability

(0.148), Locomotion (0.164), Object Control (0.120), and Motor Quotient (0.116). The most

appropriate correlation technique for this violation of normal distribution of values, without

data transformation, is Spearman's nonparametric correlation.

The Spearman's correlation matrix between personality trait and motor

performance scores can be visualized in Table 4. Significant correlations were identified

only within traits (negative between Neuroticism and Sociability and between Psychoticism

and Sociability, positive between Neuroticism and Extraversion/Introversion) and within

gross motor performance variables (all positive: Locomotion and Object Control,

Locomotion and Motor Quotient, and Object Control and Motor Quotient).

Table 2 – Means ± standard deviations of locomotion scores and object control

Locomotion (1-20)

Object Control

(1-20)

Motor Quotient

(46-120)

5.27±1.43

7.21±2.29

77.42±8.66*

* 102 (53.7%) below average; 88 (46.3%) above average

Table 3 – Frequencies of children in each TGMD-2 normative range

Above Average

Average

Poor

Very Poor

17 (9%)

50 (26.3%)

70 (36.8%)

53 (27.9%)

BJMB! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Research Article!

Brazilian(Journal(of(Motor(Behavior!

Meira Jr. et al.

2019

VOL.13

N.4

https://doi.org/10.20338/bjmb.v13i4.140

129 of 132

No significant correlations were detected between personality traits and motor

performance scores; hence it was not necessary to proceed with a regression analysis in

order to establish presumed causal relations among indicators (TGMD-2 and personality

traits).

DISCUSSION

The first objective of the present study was to report personality traits and motor

performance scores. As expected, these values were similar to other Brazilian samples

from Recife/PE

16,17

and São Paulo/SP

. High scores were observed in

Extraversion/Introversion and Sociability (60%-70% of the maximum score), low scores in

Psychoticism (below 30% of the maximum score), and average scores in Neuroticism

(50%-60% of the maximum score). Regarding TGMD-2 standardized motor performance

values, our sample scored below average on both locomotion and object control subscales

and on motor quotient. This pattern corroborates similar Brazilian studies conducted in

Recife/PE

16,17

and Muzambinho/MG

We also aimed to describe the frequency of children in each normative range of

gross motor performance. Our expectation was that the frequency of children would be

higher in the upper normative bands, that is, average and above average. This hypothesis

was refuted since the results demonstrated that the majority of the children were classified

as having poor and very poor motor development. Other studies with Brazilian children

found similar results

2,3,17,18,20

. One of the possible reasons for this undesirable gross motor

behavior could be the low levels of physical activity; however, additional data from the

children on physical activity levels (see Participants in the Method section) showed that the

average level of total (weekly) physical activity is satisfactory. This lack of association

between motor performance and level of physical activity in Brazilian children has also

been detected in a previous study

. It is possible that the poor motor performance of our

sample is due to the nature of the skills test. Although the TGMD-2 was conceived and

Table 4 - Spearman's correlation matrix between personality traits and gross motor performance

Neuro-

ticism

Socia-

bility

Psycho-

ticism

Extra-

version

Loco-

motion

Object

Control

Motor

Quotient

Neuroticism

Sociability

0.275**

Psychoticism

0.044

0.471**

Extraversion

0.180*

-0.094

0.110

Locomotion

-0.058

-0.012

0.029

-0.024

Object Control

0.061

0.003

-0.030

0.024

0.157*

Motor Quotient

0.015

-0.013

-0.015

-0.013

0.595**

0.870**

*p<0.05; **p<0.01.

BJMB! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Research Article!

Brazilian(Journal(of(Motor(Behavior!

Meira Jr. et al.

2019

VOL.13

N.4

https://doi.org/10.20338/bjmb.v13i4.140

130 of 132

developed

employing prevailing motor skills from baseball, softball, and football (from the

United States of America), even in societies where such sports are not popular (Brazil, for

instance), more satisfactory gross motor performance was expected, with at least the

majority of the children gaining average scores. Apart from striking a stationary ball, which

is not a popular practice in Brazilian children's daily life, the TGMD-2 skills should be

familiar to schoolchildren from six to twelve years of age, whether in formal or informal

settings. Even though children are potentially capable of acquiring proficient

developmental patterns in the studied age groups, there appears to be evidence that they

are not reaching these standards at the end of the fundamental movement phase

3,21

. In

addition, the lack of practice opportunities and the involvement of children with drugs might

drive out motor development

. Thus, it seems important that additional opportunities for

practice be given to children for them to acquire and refine motor skills throughout their

motor development process. In this context, physical education at school is one of the

scenarios where children can experience motor activities that provide a skill-based

background for a healthy lifetime

1,23

Another aim of the present study was to investigate relationships between scores

of personality traits and gross motor performance. As movement is associated with

concepts of vitality, expansiveness, energy, and social acceptance, our expectation was

that there would be (a) direct and high magnitude correlations between

Extraversion/Introversion and Sociability scores and gross motor performance scores and

(b) inverse and high magnitude correlations between Neuroticism and Psychoticism scores

and gross motor performance scores. Accordingly, personality traits would be predictors of

gross motor performance. Instead, our findings indicated extremely low correlations

between personality variables in the four traits of interest and motor variables of

locomotion, object control, and motor quotient. Although several relationships have been

reported in the literature between personality traits and motor performance in adults

13,14,15

we found a lack of significant relationships between these variables in our sample of 190

children. Indeed, this absence of relationships between personality traits and motor

performance has also been detected in similar studies with reduced samples

11,17

. During

childhood, the individual develops self-concept

5,6

, a process of self-recognition which is

linked to personality consolidation. In this regard, we feel that our weak correlations

between personality traits and gross motor performance may be due to the difficulty

children have to define themselves. On account of this, we sustain that the children's

responses to the PTSC may have been influenced by this limitation.

CONCLUSION

There were extremely low correlations between personality variables in the four

traits of interest and the TGMD-2 motor variables of locomotion, object control, and motor

quotient; hence no predictions were possible. Although the literature suggests that

personality traits can influence adult motor performance, it appears that this pattern of

association does not apply to children.

According to the scores in the PTSC questionnaire, our children demonstrated low

levels of Psychoticism, average levels of Neuroticism, and high levels of

Extroversion/Introversion and Sociability. With regard to the level of gross motor

development - comprised of locomotion and object control subscales - motor quotient was

BJMB! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Research Article!

Brazilian(Journal(of(Motor(Behavior!

Meira Jr. et al.

2019

VOL.13

N.4

https://doi.org/10.20338/bjmb.v13i4.140

131 of 132

positioned below Percentile 50 of the TGMD-2 normative rank. In addition, two-thirds of the

children were classified as showing poor/very poor gross motor development.

REFERENCES

1. Gallahue DL, Donnelly FC. Developmental physical education for all children. Champaign,

Human Kinetics; 2007.

2. Santos, FG, Pacheco, MM, Basso, L, Tani, G. A comparative study of the mastery of

fundamental movement skills between different cultures. Motricidade. 2016;12(2), 116-126.

3. Basso L, Meira Jr CM, Oliveira JA, Forjaz CLM, Souza JA, Prista A, et al. Crescimento e

desenvolvimento motor de escolares de Muzambinho: um estudo com implicações

acadêmicas, sociais e de política interinstitucional. Revista Portuguesa de Ciências do

Desporto. 2009;9(2-3):247-257.

4. Ulrich D. TGMD 2–Test of gross motor development examiner’s manual. Austin TX: PRO-

ED. 2000;2.

5. Jung CG. O desenvolvimento da personalidade. Petrópolis, Editora Vozes Limitada; 2011.

6. Campbell, JD, Trapnell, PD, Heine, SJ, Katz, IM, Lavallee, LF, Lehman, DR. Self-concept

clarity: Measurement, personality correlates, and cultural boundaries. Journal of

Personality and Social Psychology. 1996;70(1):141-156.

7. Weinberg RS, Gould D. Fundamentos da psicologia do esporte e do exercício. Porto

Alegre, Artmed; 2016.

8. Eysenck HJ. The biological basis of personality. London, Routledge; 2017.

9. Meira Jr CM, JFO Neiva. Efeito de traços psicológicos na aquisição de habilidades motora.

2016. In: Tani, G. (Ed.), Comportamento motor: conceitos, estudos e aplicações. Rio de

Janeiro, Guanabara Koogan. Pp163-174.

10. Meira Jr CM, Fairbrother JT, Perez CR. Contextual interference and

introversion/extraversion in motor learning. Perceptual and Motor Skills. 2015;121(2):447-

460.

11. Meira Jr CM, Perez CR, Maia RF, Neiva JFO, Barrocal RM. Extroversão, neuroticismo e

desempenho motor em crianças executando arremessos de dardo de salão. Revista

Brasileira de Psicologia do Esporte. 2008;2(1):1-14.

12. Sisto FF. Escala de traços de personalidade para crianças – ETPC. São Paulo: Vetor

Editora Psico-Pedagógica Ltda; 2004.

13. Stahl J, Rammsayer T. Extroversion-related differences in speed of premotor and motor

processing as revealed by lateralized readiness potentials. Journal of Motor Behavior.

2008;40(2):143-54.

14. Wickett JC, Vernon PA. Replicating the movement time–extraversion link… with a little

help from IQ. Personality and Individual Differences. 2000;28(2):205-215.

15. Larson GE, Saccuzzo DP. Gender, neuroticism and speed-accuracy tradeoffs on a choice

reaction-time task. Personality and Individual Differences. 1986;7(6):919-921.

BJMB! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Research Article!

Brazilian(Journal(of(Motor(Behavior!

Meira Jr. et al.

2019

VOL.13

N.4

https://doi.org/10.20338/bjmb.v13i4.140

132 of 132

16. Beltrão NB, Meira Jr CM, Cattuzzo MT. Efeito da extroversão e da atividade física no

desempenho de habilidades motoras. Revista Brasileira de Educação Física e Esporte,

2017;31(4):797-805.

17. Beltrão NB, Meira Jr CM, Souza L, Cunha A, Cattuzzo MT. Desempenho motor de

crianças extrovertidas e introvertidas. Motricidade. 2012;8(S2):993-998.

18. Bassi FM, Basso L, Castro FAS, Neiva JFO, Meira Jr CM. Conhecimento sobre a

presença da filmadora, níveis de ansiedade e desempenho motor global de crianças.

Revista Brasileira de Educação Física e Esporte. 2017;31(4):857-867.

19. Godin GA, Shephard RJ. A simple method to assess exercise behavior in the community.

Canadian Journal of Applied Sport Science. 1985;10(3):141-146.

20. Basso L, Souza CJF, Araújo UO, Bastos FH, Bianchi TT, Meira Jr CM, et al. Olhares

distintos sobre a noção de estabilidade e mudança no desempenho da coordenação

motora grossa. Revista Brasileira de Educação Física e Esporte. 2012;26(3):495-509.

21. Cotrim JR, Lemos AG, Néri Junior J, Barela JA. Desenvolvimento de habilidades motoras

fundamentais em crianças com diferentes contextos escolares. Revista da Educação

Física/UEM. 2011;22(4):523-533.

22. Nazario PF, Vieira JLL. Sport context and the motor development of children. Revista

Brasileira de Cineantropometria & Desempenho Humano. 2014;16(1):86-95.

23. Valentini NC. A influência de uma intervenção motora no desempenho motor e na

percepção da competência de crianças com atrasos motores. Revista Paulista de

Educação Física, São Paulo. 2002;16(1):61-75.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank the children who took part in the study and the data collection team. We

are also grateful to Willian Peres Lemos, Januária Andrea de Souza, Elisângela Silva, and

Wagner Zeferino who provided local support to enable the study in Muzambinho. We also

thank Professors Jose Maia and Antonio Prista for the inspiration and support.

Citation: Meira Jr CM, Gomes AC, Gomes FRF, Santos SP, Basso L, Tani G. Personality traits and gross motor

performance in children from Muzambinho/MG. BJMB.2019:13(3): 124-132.

Editor: Dr Fabio Augusto Barbieri - São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru, SP, Brazil; Dr José Angelo Barela -

São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, SP, Brazil; Dr Natalia Madalena Rinaldi - Federal University of

Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitória, ES, Brazil.

distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International

License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and

source are credited.

Funding: This work was sponsored by CNPq - Edital Universal 19\2004 - Processo 478202/2004-0, and Edital

MCT/CNPq 15/2007 - Processo 478249/2007-1.

Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.20338/bjmb.v13i4.140