Practice organization and the level of mental effort via pupil dilation: a study with a complex task

Abstract

History: This study explores the impact of practice organization on motor skill acquisition, focusing on random versus constant practice. Random practice involves executing tasks in a non-sequential order, while constant practice consists of repetitive execution of the same task. Previous research indicates that random practice typically yields better learning outcomes due to greater demands on memory processes. Objective: This study aimed to assess motor performance via a complex task and pupil dilation in both practice conditions, hypothesizing that random practice would initially hinder performance but enhance outcomes in post- and transfer tests, as well as elicit higher pupil dilation. Results: The results showed that the random practice group did not demonstrate higher error rates or greater pupil dilation than the constant practice group during practice. Interestingly, while the random group performed better in the transfer test, pupil dilation levels remained consistent across both groups. Interpretation: The findings suggest that initial proficiency advantages influenced performance during practice, with constant practice providing beneficial repetition. Despite the lack of expected differences in pupil dilation, this study highlights the need for further research on mental effort in practice organization, particularly with more complex motor tasks that require significant cognitive engagement.